HIST 105 MAKE UP RESULTS

STUDENT NUMBER	GRADE
2005102041	36.5
2005102233	10.5
2006104432	26
2007100583	28
2005101027	25
2005101873	19.5
2006102299	17
2005104117	24.5
2005102572	21.5
2005000113	20
2001103358	13

FILM

There will be a film projection this Thursday (December 27, 2007) at 17:00 in the Ibrahim Bodur Auditorium.The movie, The Name of the Rose (dir. Jean-Jacques Annaud, 1986), is based on Umberto Eco's well-known novel with the same title.

Please note that the film will be shown in the I. Bodur auditorium, and not the GKM. If you miss this screening, you may also borrow the film from the Mithat Alam Film Center

HIST 105 MIDTERM RESULTS

HIST 105 MIDTERM RESULTS
STUDENT NUMBER	GRADE
2006102143	2
2005100229	4
2005101318	4
2006104747	5
2004104138	5,25
2006100823	5,25
2006100211	5,5
2006101945	5,5
2006103160	5,5
2002100307	6
2005100139	6,5
2005102599	6,5
2006101243	6,5
2006102785	6,5
2005102431	30
2006000127	7
2006000118	7,5
2006200142	7,5
2005101228	8
2006100793	8
2006103118	8
2006103478	8
2006000100	8,5
2006100766	8,5
2006102710	8,5
2006103391	9
2006000094	9,25
2006102416	9,25
2006101252	9,5
2006102167	9,5
2006103082	9,5
2000100652	10
2006102284	10
2006103562	10
2006101606	10,25
2006000124	10,5
2006101534	10,5
2006102731	10,75
2005101384	11
2005102704	11,5
2006100346	11,5
2006101015	11,5
2006101402	11,5
2006101687	11,5
2006102455	11,75
2003103427	12
2006103580	12
2003102932	12,25
2002102572	12,5
2005102629	11,5
2006102482	13,25
2006100451	13,5
2006101456	13,5
2006103865	13,5
2006104996	13,5
2005102929	14
2005103697	14
2006100922	14
2006101864	14
2006103034	14
2006104426	14
2006104708	14
2006200330	14
2003200197	14,5
2004200051	14,5
2005102362	14,5
2006102794	14,5
2005102260	15
2006100430	15
2006104489	15
2006200145	15
2006100307	15,25
2006104561	15,25
2005101789	15,5
2005100349	16
2005103943	16
2006100763	16
2005103115	16,25
2005101153	19,5
2006100640	16,5
2006101429	16,5
2006103340	16,5
2006200318	16,5
2006103994	16,75
2006100136	17
2006101498	17
2006101978	17
2006102140	17
2006102809	17
2006104312	17
2006104363	17
2006104585	17
2006104777	17
2007103004	17
2005103091	17,5
2006103382	17,5
2005101144	18
2006101327	18
2006101447	18
2006104678	18
2006104921	18
2006102122	18,25
2007102047	18,25
2006100790	18,5
2006101804	16,5
2006102236	18,5
2007200112	18,5
2007300250	18,5
2006100883	18,75
2006101126	18,75
2005101834	19
2005102404	19
2006100004	19
2006101348	19
2006101579	19
2006101933	19
2006102017	19
2006102770	19
2006101699	19,25
2002102617	19,5
2003100619	19,5
2005101468	19,5
2006100919	19,5
2006102521	19,5
2006102671	19,5
2006103694	19,5
2006104597	19,5
2005102902	19,75
2005102158	20
2005104189	20
2006100943	20
2006103088	20
2006103205	20
2005300287	20,25
2004101474	20,5
2004102374	20,5
2005101417	20,5
2006101675	20,5
2006105044	20,5
2006104606	20,75
2006102941	21
2006103655	21
2006104756	21
2006104909	21
2006104999	21
2003101807	21,25
2005103679	21,25
2005104438	21,25
2005100697	21,5
2006100967	21,5
2006103070	21,5
2006104264	21,5
2006100205	22
2006100658	22
2006102803	22
2006103274	22
2006101342	22,5
2007102038	22,5
2006102119	22,75
2004103547	23
2005100130	23
2005103487	23
2006104558	23
2005100892	23,25
2006103667	23,25
2004100883	23,5
2005104222	23,5
2006101204	23,5
2006102413	23,5
2006103436	23,5
2006103739	23,5
2006100439	24
2006101753	24
2006102185	24
2006103430	24
2006103583	24
2007103703	24
2005104003	24,25
2006100223	24,5
2006102398	24,5
2006102989	24,5
2006103076	24,5
2006103877	24,5
2007100025	24,5
2007103226	24,5
2004103433	24,75
2005000115	25
2006100853	25
2006103628	25
2007102230	25
2006102071	25,25
2006103313	25,5
2006103406	25,5
2007102080	25,5
2007102530	25,5
2005102782	26
2006000088	26
2006100178	26
2006100289	26
2006101264	26
2006101666	26
2006102107	26
2006103625	26
2006104441	26
2006105056	26
2007100295	26,25
2006104141	26,75
2006102524	27
2006104156	27
2006200327	27
2007100439	27
2007102500	27
2006100166	27,25
2006104111	27,25
2005100721	27,5
2006100265	27,5
2006101528	27,5
2006104006	27,5
2005102188	28
2006101957	28
2006103565	28
2006200121	28
2007100640	28
2007480115	28
2006104591	28,25
2005101603	28,5
2005104288	28,5
2006100913	28,5
2006102389	28,5
2006102419	28,5
2006103493	28,5
2006104327	28,5
2006200133	28,5
2005101729	29
2005104183	29
2006102026	29
2006103145	25
2006103559	29
2006103616	29
2006104093	29
2006101987	29,25
2006101027	29,5
2006101246	29,5
2005102635	29,75
2006100850	29,75
2006100886	30
2006100898	30
2007103310	26,5
2006103790	30,25
2007100595	30,25
2006101078	30,5
2006104201	30,5
2005101276	31
2006101075	31
2006102032	31
2006102230	31
2006103169	31
2006103334	31
2004102002	31,5
2004300079	31,5
2007101819	31,5
2006000106	32
2006102998	32
2006101747	32,25
2005101564	27
2005101684	32,5
2006102005	32,5
2006102326	32,5
2006100340	32,75
2006103166	33
2007100421	33
2007102215	33
2007103874	33
2006100580	33,5
2006102320	33,5
2006103859	33,5
2007103655	33,5
2007104144	33,5
2006101912	34
2006102128	34
2007100016	34
2007102470	34
2007103433	34
2006101582	34,5
2007100397	34,5
2006102596	35
2005104147	35,5
2007460097	35,75
2006101939	36
2006105017	36,25
2004101924	36,5
2005101756	36,5
2006100562	36,5
2007103031	36,5
2007300067	36,5
2006101552	38
2006103115	38
2004103430	38,5
AVERAGE	21,64

WEEK XII: PRIMARY SOURCES

Your primary sources are available as electronic documents on the Boğaziçi Library web site.
1. Ibn Batuta, Travels in Asia and Africa 1325-1354
2. Franks in the Levant, Autobiography of ibn Munkidh
3. a. Coronation mantle of Roger II, Norman king of Sicily, 1133
b. Trilingual inscription, in Latin, Greek, and Arabic, commemorating the hydrolic clock of the palace of Roger II in Palermo, 12th century
c. Images from the muqarnas ceiling of the Capella Palatina in Palermo, mid-12th century

FILM

There will be a film projection this Thursday (December 27, 2007) at 17:00 in the Ibrahim Bodur Auditorium.
The movie, The Name of the Rose (dir. Jean-Jacques Annaud, 1986), is based on Umberto Eco's well-known novel with the same title.

Please note that the film will be shown in the I. Bodur auditorium, and not the GKM. If you miss this screening, you may also borrow the film from the Mithat Alam Film Center

MAKE-UP ANNOUNCEMENT

The Make-up Exam will be held on December 11.
Place: M 2152
Time: 17:00-18:30

Students must bring their student ID cards.

THE WORLD OF ISLAM / DERIN TERZIOGLU

November 30

RELIGION IN THE IRANO-MEDITERRANEAN WORLD AND THE RISE OF ISLAM /DERIN TERZIOGLU
1. General remarks on the “world of Islam”
World of Islam/Dar al-Islam
The Irano-Mediterranean world and its legacy

2. The Irano-Mediterranean world circa 600

A. Universalistic empires and religions
Byzantine Empire – imperial center in Constantinople
Official religion: Orthodox Christianity
But also: Monophysites- Armenian, Syrian and Coptic Churches
Sassanian Empire – imperial center in Ctesiphon
Official religion: Zoroastrianism
But also: Mazdakeanism, Manicheanism, Judaism and Nestorian Christianity

B.Arabia before the rise of Islam
Beduin society: nomadic pastoralism and tribal mode of organization
Towns: agricultural settlements, market towns, sanctuaries (haram)
The tribal value system and religion
The cult of Allah and hanifs

3. The rise of Islam
The problem of sources on early Islamic history
The Prophet Muhammad and his early revelations
Troubles with the Meccan establishment and the Hijra/Migration
The “Constitution of Medina” and the formation of the umma
The umma at the end of Muhammad’s life

December 3

THE CALIPHATE: FROM MEDINA TO DAMASCUS AND BAGHDAD / DERIN TERZIOGLU

The Formation of the Caliphate

1.Succession to the Prophet and the office of the caliph
Meaning of the term caliph
Caliphal titles: Khalifa, khalifatullah, khalifat rasulullah (later)
Amir al-mu’minin
Election through consultation (shura)
The “rightly-guided caliphs” (khulefa-i rashidun) – a later historical construct

Abu Bakr (632-634)
‘Umar (634-644) – center moves from Mecca to Medina
'Uthman (644-656)
‘Ali (656-661)

The Umayyad caliphs (661-750)
The Abbasid caliphs (750-1258)

2.Warfare and expansion
Political conditions in the Byzantine and Sassanian Empires on the eve of the Arab-Muslim expansion
Motivations – political, economic, religious
The conversion of local people was neither an aim nor an immediate consequence of the Arab-Muslim expansion; the spread of Islam was slow and came later.
Non-Muslim populations accommodated through the categories of Ahl al-kitab/People of the Book and Ahl al-dhimma or dhimmi, Protected People
Discriminatory measures against non-Arab converts; status of mawla (pl. mawali)

3.After the conquests: the caliphate reconfigured
Settlement of Arab tribes
Tribalism reconfigured and sometimes intensified
Conflicts over the distribution of land and benefits
Umar and the institution of the diwan system
Contention during the office of Uthman and Ali
Umayyad caliphate
Center of caliphate moves to Damascus
Continuance of Byzantine and Sassanian administrative and bureaucratic institutions, practices and personnel
Realignment under Abd al-Malik (692-705) – Arabic adopted as language of administration, new coins issued, construction of Dome of the Rock.
Creative dialogue with pre-Islamic royal traditions along with increasing emphasis on Arab and Muslim identity

December 5

RELIGIOUS AND POLITICAL FRAGMENTATION IN THE ISLAMIC WORLD / DERIN TERZIOGLU

Religious and political fragmentation in the lands of Islam: sectarianism and the break-up of caliphal unity

1. Formation of sectarian differences

Main points:
a. While sectarian differences among the Muslims originated in the disagreements over the question of leadership of the umma that took place right after the death of the Prophet, it took centuries for the differences between Muslims to crystallize into sectarian formations.
b.Different sects were crystallized at different times. The dissenting minorities - Kharijis and Shiis - before the majority that remained, i.e., the Sunnis
c.No church to impose a definition of orthodoxy; caliphal attempts to do so meet opposition from piety-minded/proto-ulema

Kharijis – Those who “went out”
Egalitarian, anti-authoritarian, puritanical
Shiis (Shia Ali) – The Party of Ali
Support the rights of Ali and his descendants to the imamate (preferred term rather than caliphate)
Regard them as divinely elected
Esp. early Shii beliefs have a strong messianic component – the figure of the Mahdi
Sunnis (Ahl al-Sunna wa’l-Jama‘a) – The People of Tradition and Community
Privilege “community”
Historical realists on the subject of caliphal authority – consider all who held effective power as legitimate but have greater esteem for the first four “rightly guided” caliphs
Define caliphal authority more narrowly

2. The Abbasid mission and its transformation
A.Religious realignments
Cf. Later Sunni image of Umayyads and Abbasids
Early Abbasids and Shiism
Experimentation with Mu‘tazilism – rational school of Islamic theology – effective resistance by traditionists/ahl al-hadith (nucleus of ahl al-Sunna wa’l-Jama‘a)

B.Administration
Center shifts from Syria to Iraq (new capitals: Baghdad, Samarra)
Reliance on Persian-speaking bureaucracy
Adoption of Sassanian institutions (ex. office of the vizier)
Attempts to impose orthodoxy: also inspired by Sassanian models

C.Military
Abbasids come to power with the help of the Khorasanian army, but by early 9th century, the Khorasanian army becomes a problem.
The Abbasid response is to build a new “slave army” staffed by Turks from C. Asia; institution known as ghulam.

3. The Dissolution of Abbasid power
Revolts in the center (revolts by Turkish slave soldiers, Khariji-inspired revolts of African slaves, etc.) enables dissent in outlying provinces to come to the fore, and more and more provinces break loose from the center.
Fiscal crisis and the Abbasid response in the form of a new institution: iqta
936: Abbasid caliph delegates all effective authority to a Turkish commander and grants him the title of amir al-umera
945: Shiite Buyids come to Baghdad and strike deal with Abbasid caliphs

4. Post-Abbasid period
Post-Abbasid states replicate Abbasid institutions such as the office of the vizier, the ghulam institution and the iqta.
Many of them recognize the Abbasid caliphs as symbolic heads of Islamic community and are recognized in turn as legitimate rulers.
Fatimid Caliphate – represents a direct challenge to Abbasids; claim the caliphate and make propaganda for Ismaili Shiism throughout the Islamic world.
10th century – known as the “Shiite Interlude” because of the dominance of Shiite states like Buyids and Fatimids. Very rich period in terms of intellectual activity. Plurality of political courts with a wide variety of sectarian affiliations sustains a wide array of scholars, philosophers, etc.
11th and 12th centuries – called the period of “Sunni revival”; more properly called the period of Sunni consolidation.
The rise of new regimes with a strong Sunni orientation.
Key event: The arrival of Seljuk Turks in Baghdad in 1055. They claim to restore the Sunna and strike a deal with the Abbasid caliph, who recognizes the Seljuk ruler as “sultan.”
[Crusades and Ayyubid response]
End to the Fatimid caliphate in 1171

December 7

Medieval Near Eastern Societies
The Sunni Revival Revisited
Newcomers to the Islamic heartlands: Seljuks and the Crusaders
Rise of new political regimes with a strong Sunni identity (e.g. Ayyubids)
Alliance between religious scholars and military ruling elites
Consolidation of Sunnism

I.Religious communities

Slow Islamization
Religious plurality

II.Ethnic and linguistic groups

Spread of Arabic
Revival of Persian as a written language
Medieval Islamic ethnography

III.Social groups

The countryside vs. the towns
The importance of urban life
Urban elites

1.Military ruling elites
2.Ulema
3.Sufis
4.“Urban bourgeoisie”

Terms and names

Crusader states
Salah al-Din
Ayyubids
Genizah documents
Umera (s. amir)
Ulema
Waqf
Madrasa
Sufi, dervish
Marifa (gnosis) vs. ilm (knowledge)
Dervish lodge (khanqah, ribat, zawiya)
Abu Hamid al-Ghazzali

WEEK XI: PRIMARY SOURCES

Your primary sources are available as electronic documents on the Boğaziçi Library web site.
1.Mawardi, The Ordinances of Government (a Juridical Theory on the Caliphate)
2.Ibn Khaldun, The Muqaddima: An Introduction to History
3.Umayyad and Abbasid Coinage

MAKE-UP ANNOUNCEMENT

The Make-up Exam will be held on December 11.
Place: M 2152
Time: 17:00-18:30

Students must bring their student ID cards.